http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/2379 Search the Channel search http://nopr.niscair.res.in/simple-search http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/2430 Title: Recent developments of key technologies on cellulosic ethanol production <br/> <br/>Authors: Lee, Jin-Suk; Parameswaran, Binod; Lee, Joon-Pyo; Park, Soon-Chul <br/> <br/>Abstract: Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuel ethanol involves pretreatment process followed by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis to make fermentable sugars. Efficient pretreatment method can significantly enhance hydrolysis of biomass and hence can reduce ethanol cost. Optimization of enzyme loading and selection of suitable fermentation technique based on biomass will further improve ethanol yield. Present review focuses on various pretreatment techniques based on composition of lignocellulosic biomass and also discuss simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation and co-immobilization for cellulosic ethanol production. <br/> <br/>Page(s): 865-873 http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/2429 Title: Hemicellulose biorefineries: a review on biomass pretreatments <br/> <br/>Authors: Carvalheiro, Florbela; Duarte, Luís C.; Gírio, Francisco M <br/> <br/>Abstract: Biomass pretreatment (BP) plays a crucial role in a lignocellulose feedstock-based biorefinery (LCFBR) for processing of three major output streams (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) into chemicals and biofuels. BP includes processing of lignocellulosic material (LCM) under aqueous, dilute acid or alkaline media to obtain a cellulosic fraction, which is then fermented to produce bioethanol. Hemicellulose is usually treated as a secondary stream due to lack of efficient fermentation of hemicellulosic sugars to ethanol. This review provides BPs assuming that hemicellulose stream should be integrated in LCFBR as a primary fraction for converting into value-added compounds other than bioethanol. Different LCM treatments are analyzed foreseeing bio-based products possible to obtain from hemicellulose path. <br/> <br/>Page(s): 849-864 http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/2428 Title: PAH and other emissions from coconut oil blended fuels <br/> <br/>Authors: Kalam, M A; Saifullah, M G; Masjuki, H H; Husnawan, M; Mahlia, T M I <br/> <br/>Abstract: This paper presents results of a multi-cylinder diesel engine operated on blends of ordinary coconut oil (COCO; 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) with ordinary diesel oil (OD). Methyl esters from cooking oil are less encouraging to be used as biofuel because this affects food-fuel crisis. However, biofuel obtained from waste cooking oil is more appreciated due to energy savings and environmental issues. Test results indicated that COCO blended fuels (10-30 %) produced similar brake power and net heat release rate as OD. Increasing coconut oil in blend decreases exhaust emissions. Carbon deposited on injector nozzles was observed where no hard carbon was found on injector tip when engine run on COCO blends. <br/> <br/>Page(s): 1031-1035 http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/2427 Title: Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from indirect land-use change in biofuels production: concepts and exploratory analysis for soybean-based biodiesel <br/> <br/>Authors: Panichelli, Luis; Gnansounou, Edgard <br/> <br/>Abstract: Due to changes in carbon stock of soil and biomass, indirect land-use change (ILUC) has consequences on green house gas (GHG) balance of a biofuel that are not presently considered in evaluation of environmental merits of biofuels. Significant changes in land-use are expected to occur in biofuel producing countries and their consequences may affect global markets. This paper aims to: 1) Review state-of- art of accounting for indirect effects in biofuels production and their influence on GHG balance of a biofuel pathway; 2) Present a model to estimate and optimize GHG emissions from LUC; and 3) Estimate potential GHG emissions for the case of soybean-based biodiesel production. ILUC concepts and a classification of ILUC sources are proposed. Then a methodological framework to quantify GHG emissions is discussed and applied to the case study. Different scenarios to achieve demand are proposed and their implications related to ILUC are determined. Using a system-wide approach and a non-linear programming (NLP) model, GHG emissions are evaluated in terms of carbon pay back time and optimized based on soybean supply strategy to produce biodiesel. <br/> <br/>Page(s): 1017-1030